ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the etiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), with particular attention to the most common immune-mediated form. While type 2 diabetes (T2DM) appears to be a growing price to pay for the welfare of society around the world, there is also evidence of a rising wave of T1DM around the world. Expanding understanding of the pathogenesis of T1DM has made it possible to consider interventions to slow the autoimmune disease process in an attempt to delay or even prevent the onset or slow the progression of hyperglycemia. Although T1DM prevention is still in research trials, these trials are often mentioned in the lay press. Ongoing research will determine if antigen-based therapy can indeed abolish ongoing autoimmunity through immunostimulation and ultimately prevent diabetes in people without the risk of general immunosuppression. We also review the etiology and pathogenesis of T2DM and monogenic forms of diabetes that can be confused with T1DM or T2DM.