Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Xiaodong ZhouDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaQin‐Fen ChenMedical Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, ChinaWah YangDepartment of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaMauricio ZuluagaDepartament of Surgery, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, United StatesGiovanni TargherDepartment of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, ItalyChristopher D. ByrneSouthampton National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, and University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UKLuca ValentiDepartment of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, ItalyFei LuoDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, ChinaChristos S. KatsourasFirst Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, GreeceOmar ThaherDepartment of Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospitals of the Ruhr University of Bochum, Herne, NRW, GermanyAnoop MisraFortis-CDOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and Endocrinology, National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation and Diabetes Foundation, New Delhi, IndiaKarim AtayaDepartment of Bariatric Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaRodolfo J. OviedoNacogdoches Center for Metabolic & Weight Loss Surgery, Nacogdoches Medical Center, Nacogdoches, TX, United StatesAlice P.S. KongDepartment of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaKhalid AlswatLiver Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaAmedeo LonardoDepartment of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara (-2023), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, ItalyYu Jun WongDepartment of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, SingaporeAdam Abu-AbeidDivision of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center affiliated to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelHazem Al MomaniWeight Management Unit, Royal NMC Hospital, Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesArshad AliMetabolic and Bariatric, Fatima8h hospital, Tehran, IranGabriel A MolinaDepartment of Surgery, USFQ (Universidad San Francisco), Quito, Pichincha, EcuadorOlivia SzepietowskiDepartment of Surgery, Ashford and St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, Surrey, United KingdomNozim Adxamovich JumaevDepartment Surgical Diseases, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Almazar, UzbekistanMehmet KızılkayaDepartment of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Acibadem Atakent University Hospital, Istanbul, TurkeyOctavio ViveirosDepartment of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Hospital Lusiadas Amadora, Amadora, Lisbon, PortugalCarlos J. Toro‐HuamanchumoNutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, AustraliaKenneth Yuh Yen KokPengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei-Muara, BruneiОрал ОспановSurgical Disease and Bariatric Surgery, Astana Medical University, Astana, Aqmola, KazakhstanSyed Imran AbbasDepartment of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Iranian Hospital Dubai, Dubai, United Arab EmiratesAndrew Gerard RobertsonDepartment of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomYasser FouadDepartment of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, EgyptChristos S. MantzorosDepartment of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAHuijie ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, ChinaNahúm Méndez‐SánchezLiver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, MexicoSilvia SookoianClinical and Molecular Hepatology, Translational Health Research Center (CENITRES), Maimónides University, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaWah‐Kheong ChanGastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaSombat TreeprasertsukFaculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandLeon A. AdamsDepartment of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, AustraliaPonsiano OcamaDepartment of Medicine, Makerere University of College of Health Sciences, Kampala, UgandaJohn RyanDepartment of Hepatology, RCSI School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin/Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, IrelandNilanka PereraDepartment of Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri LankaAla I. ShararaDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, LebanonSaid A. Al‐BusafiDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, OmanChristopher OpioDepartment of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, KenyaManuel GarciaDepartament of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Tu Opcion Bariatrica/Swiss Hospital, Monterrey, MexicoMichelle Ching Lim-LooDepartment of Surgery, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, Manila, PhilippinesElena Ruiz‐ÚcarDepartment of Metabolic, Bariatric and Endocrine Surgery, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid, SpainArun PrasadSurgical Gastroenterology, Bariatric and Robotic Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, IndiaAnna CasajoanaDepartament of Esophagogastric and Bariatric Surgery, Hospital del Mar de Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainTamer N. AbdelbakiDepartment of General Surgery, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, EgyptMing‐Hua ZhengKey Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
ABI
Abstract
Background: Obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood. Methods: for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI. Findings: From 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest. Interpretation: The worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.
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