HYPOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS: MECHANISMS, DOSE–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS, CLINICAL USE, ADVERSE EFFECTS, AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
Amonov Botirali Baxrom o'g'liTermez University of Economics and Service Faculty of Medicine, studentKibriyeva Maxfirat AbdurakhmonovnaTeacher at the Department of Morphological Sciences Termiz University of Economics and Service
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Abstract
Arterial blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance; these parameters are finely regulated through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, the sympathetic nervous system, renal sodium–water handling, and endothelial mediators. For this reason, the pharmacology of hypotensive (blood-pressure–lowering) and hypertensive (blood-pressure–raising, pressor) agents cannot be reduced to the simple idea of “lowering or raising the number”: such agents influence the heart, kidneys, brain, and peripheral vessels through different pathways and serve distinct goals in acute and chronic clinical settings
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