Fortification strategies of ancient settlements and natural challenges: the defensive walls of Kyrkhudzhra as an example of architectural adaptation

This article examines the fortifications of the Kyrkhudzhra settlement, one of the most ancient archaeological sites in the Fergana Valley, dating back to the 6th–4th centuries BC. The research focuses on the evolution of defensive walls, which were constructed in three distinct building phases. In the first construction phase, the defensive structures were built using unbaked bricks, which reflects early architectural traditions. During the second phase, the existing walls were reinforced with layers of pakhsa, enhancing their thickness and durability. During the third phase, a second defensive wall was built parallel to the Syr Darya River. This structure primarily served as protection against floods triggered by earthquakes. This development highlights the environmental component of the defense system. The findings demonstrate that the fortification strategies at Kyrkhudzhra were adapted to address both military threats and natural hazards. A double-layered wall structure and the use of pakhsa and natural soil reflect advanced engineering knowledge. Furthermore, archaeological discoveries, including ceramic fragments, have provided insights into the chronology and cultural context of the site. The defensive walls of Kyrkhudzhra embody a unique synthesis of military and environmental protection functions, making them a significant case study for examining the architectural and engineering achievements of the Early Iron Age. Future research at the site offers opportunities to deepen our understanding of the adaptive strategies of ancient communities in Central Asia.

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