COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LABORATORY PARAMETERS IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIAS
Abstract
Leukemias are a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. The fundamental clinical and prognostic differences between acute and chronic leukemias necessitate precise laboratory differentiation. This study aims to comparatively analyze the peripheral blood and bone marrow laboratory parameters of patients with acute and chronic leukemias in the Fergana Valley. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 participants: 40 patients diagnosed with acute leukemia (AL), 40 with chronic leukemia (CL), and 20 healthy controls. Comprehensive laboratory evaluations, including complete blood counts, peripheral blood smears, and bone marrow aspirate analyses, were performed. Statistical analysis utilized the Student’s t-test and chi-square test. Significant hematological disparities were observed between the groups. The AL group exhibited profound cytopenias with severe anemia (Hemoglobin 75 ± 6.5 g/L) and thrombocytopenia (45 ± 8.2 x 10^9/L), alongside a high peripheral blast count (45 ± 8.5%). In contrast, the CL group demonstrated massive hyperleukocytosis (120 ± 25 x 10^9/L, p < 0.001 compared to AL) with a predominance of mature and intermediate granulocytes/lymphocytes and only rare blasts (1.5 ± 0.5%). The presence of "hiatus leukemicus" was exclusively confirmed in the AL cohort. The comparative laboratory profiling reaffirms that acute leukemias aggressively suppress normal hematopoiesis leading to early marrow failure, whereas chronic leukemias cause a massive accumulation of functionally defective but morphologically mature cells. Accurate initial morphological and quantitative laboratory screening remains the indispensable first step for targeted therapeutic stratification.