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β-cyclodextrin-functionalized acetylene black nanocomposite electrode with enhanced host–guest enrichment for ultralow-level detection of niclosamide

Rima Heider Al OmariFaculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, JordanSoumya V. MenonDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaSubhashree RayDepartment of Biochemistry, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751003, IndiaTalal Aziz QassemDepartment of Medical Laboratory Technics, College of Health and Medical Technology, Alnoor University, Mosul, IraqGunjan GargCentre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, IndiaRenu SharmaDepartment of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaDilbar UrazbaevaDepartment of Psychology and Medicine, Mamun University, Khiva, UzbekistanSabokhat SadikovaDepartment of Chemistry, Urgench State University, 220100 Urgench, UzbekistanSobhan MirizadehDepartment of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
RSC Advancesjournal2026en
ABI

Abstract

= 0.996), corresponding to a detection limit of 0.02 µM. This broad and well-defined linear range confirms the strong quantitative capability of the simulated sensor design. These findings establish a mechanistic foundation for the rational design of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized carbon electrodes and provide a broadly applicable strategy for next-generation electrochemical sensors targeting hydrophobic nitroaromatic pharmaceuticals and related bioactive species.

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