Prevalence and Risk Factors of Oral Diseases in Adolescents: A CommunityBased Study
Abstract
Oral diseases continue to pose a major public health challenge among adolescents, particularly in communities where limited awareness, inadequate oral hygiene practices, and restricted access to dental care intersect. This study investigates the prevalence and risk factors of oral diseases among adolescents through a community-based, cross-sectional approach designed to capture variations in behavioral, environmental, and socio-economic determinants. Data were collected from adolescents aged 12 to 18 years using a multi-stage sampling strategy that included structured interviews, clinical examinations based on standardized diagnostic criteria, and assessments of oral hygiene habits. The clinical component focused on identifying dental caries, gingival inflammation, periodontal pockets, malocclusion, fluorosis, and other frequently observed oral health conditions. The study revealed a high burden of preventable oral diseases, with dental caries emerging as the most widespread condition across all age groups. Poor brushing frequency and improper brushing techniques were found to be strongly associated with caries incidence, while gingival diseases were more prevalent among adolescents with irregular professional dental visits and inadequate dietary habits, particularly high consumption of sugar-rich snacks and beverages. Socio-economic factors such as parental education level, household income, and access to sanitary amenities demonstrated a significant influence on oral health outcomes. Adolescents from lower socio-economic backgrounds exhibited disproportionately higher disease prevalence, highlighting persistent inequalities that extend beyond individual behavior. Environmental influences, including water source, fluoride availability, and neighborhood sanitation, also contributed to variations in oral disease patterns. Gender-based differences were observed, with females reporting better oral hygiene practices but still experiencing comparable levels of gingival inflammation, suggesting that hormonal changes during adolescence may play a contributory role. The analysis further underscored the importance of school-based awareness programs, as adolescents who had previously participated in structured oral health education displayed notably lower disease scores. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated, community-centered interventions that address both behavioral gaps and structural determinants. Strengthening preventive dental services, expanding oral health education, and introducing targeted outreach programs for vulnerable groups are essential steps toward reducing the burden of oral diseases in adolescents. This study contributes evidence for policymakers, school health administrators, and public health planners aiming to reform adolescent oral health strategies within community settings.