HEMODYNAMICS. PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY
Abstract
Hemodynamics is a fundamental field that studies the physical principles governing blood circulation within the cardiovascular system. The heart functions as a dynamic biological pump, ensuring continuous blood flow through vessels under varying physiological conditions. Understanding the physical foundations of cardiac activity—including pressure gradients, fluid resistance, and flow dynamics—is essential for interpreting normal and pathological cardiovascular processes. This article explores the basic hemodynamic mechanisms, emphasizing the relationship between cardiac function and physical laws such as fluid mechanics and energy conservation. Special attention is given to the role of vascular resistance, blood viscosity, and cardiac output in maintaining systemic circulation. The findings highlight the importance of integrating physical principles into medical education and clinical practice to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular diseases.