A simple rapid spectrophotometric procedure for Pb(II) detection using immobilized arsenazo III
Abstract
• Developed a rapid spectrophotometric lead detection using immobilized Arsenazo III on polymer fiber. • Detection limit improved from 0.01 to 0.001 g/mL with immobilization. • Complexation time for Pb (II) reduced from 10 to 5 minutes on polymer matrix. • Enhanced selectivity tolerates Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Mg interferences. • Results match atomic absorption and voltammetry methods for various samples. The present study presents the development and optimization of a low-cost, fast-response method for detecting lead (Pb(II)) ions using immobilized arsenazo III on a PPM-1 polymer matrix. The high-purity arsenazo III reagent with functional groups of hydroxyl and sulfonate was successfully immobilized through electrostatic interactions. The IR and SEM/EDS analyses validated the functional integrity and effective lead binding. It was found that the lead detection limit improved notably from 0.01 µg/mL in solution to 0.001 µg/mL when immobilized as the complexation time reduced from 10 to 5 minutes. Moreover, as-designed immobilized arsenazo III on a PPM-1 polymer matrix presents enhanced selectivity, tolerating higher concentrations of interfering ions like Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, and Mg. Spectroscopic analysis revealed distinct signals at 440 nm and 580 nm respectively, confirming successful complexation of immobilized reagent and its lead complex. Comparative studies showed that the present methodology is better than standard methods such as inversion voltammetry and atomic absorption spectroscopy, ensuring its reliability for real-world applications. The method's accuracy and reproducibility in determining lead in various complex matrices were confirmed, making it suitable for environmental and industrial analysis. This innovative approach provides a reliable and efficient tool for spectrophotometric lead analysis, contributing significantly to analytical chemistry and environmental monitoring.