DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: A REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of B lymphocytes and accompanied by profound immune system dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the disease involves not only uncontrolled lymphocyte proliferation but also dysregulation of immunoregulatory mechanisms, alterations in cytokine profiles, and deficiencies in both humoral and cellular immunity. This article analyzes the main directions of immunological assessment in CLL, including immunophenotyping, cytokine spectrum, immunoglobulin levels, T-cell subpopulations, and the clinical significance of prognostic markers, based on contemporary scientific literature. Immunological parameters are important not only for establishing the diagnosis but also for determining disease stage, assessing prognosis, and selecting individualized therapeutic strategies.