MECHANICAL INJURIES OF TEETH: ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL FORMS AND MODERN TREATMENT METHODS
Abstract
Mechanical injuries of teeth are among the most common traumatic conditions encountered in dental practice and significantly affect the functional and aesthetic state of the oral cavity. These injuries can lead to disturbances in chewing function, speech, and overall oral health if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. The present study analyzes the main etiological factors, clinical manifestations, and modern treatment approaches of mechanical dental injuries. Particular attention is given to the most common causes of dental trauma, including domestic accidents, sports-related injuries, traffic accidents, and iatrogenic factors associated with improper dental procedures. The clinical forms of traumatic dental injuries such as enamel cracks, crown fractures, root fractures, luxation, avulsion, and damage to the surrounding periodontal tissues are described and systematized. Modern diagnostic methods, including clinical examination, radiographic assessment, and functional evaluation of the affected teeth, are discussed as essential tools for accurate diagnosis. In addition, contemporary treatment strategies such as restorative procedures, endodontic therapy, splinting techniques, and minimally invasive approaches are analyzed. The results of this study demonstrate that early diagnosis and the application of modern therapeutic technologies play a crucial role in preventing complications and ensuring successful rehabilitation of traumatized teeth. The findings highlight the clinical importance of an integrated diagnostic and treatment approach in improving the effectiveness of dental trauma management.