MXene Quantum Dot‐Based Electrochemical Platforms for Rapid Viral Diagnostics: From Nanoscale Design to Clinical Implementation
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rapid and ultrasensitive viral diagnostics remain a global priority for effective outbreak control and timely clinical intervention. MXene quantum dots (MQDs) have recently emerged as a powerful class of nanomaterials for electrochemical biosensing due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, high surface‐to‐volume ratio, and quantum confinement effects. These features collectively enable efficient biomolecule immobilization, accelerated electron transfer, and amplified analytical signals, making MQDs highly attractive for next‐generation rapid viral detection platforms. This review systematically examines the structural, electronic, and interfacial properties of MQDs that underpin their biosensing performance, with particular emphasis on electrochemical transduction mechanisms. Recent advances in MQD‐enabled immunosensors, nucleic acid assays, and hybrid photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photothermal systems are critically analyzed to highlight emerging design principles for high‐sensitivity viral detection. Furthermore, key barriers to clinical implementation—including material reproducibility, biointerface stability, device integration, and regulatory considerations—are discussed in depth. By bridging nanoscale engineering with translational diagnostic requirements, this work outlines a strategic roadmap for advancing MQD‐based electrochemical platforms toward robust, point‐of‐care viral diagnostics.