Surface-mediated electrochemistry and interfacial thermodynamics of halide perovskite quantum dots for advanced batteries
Abstract
Halide perovskite quantum dots (HPQDs) have emerged as promising multifunctional electrochemical materials for advanced battery technologies owing to their quantum-confined electronic structure, tunable bandgap, and chemically active interfaces. This review examines the surface-mediated electrochemical behavior of HPQDs and their role in addressing persistent limitations in next-generation energy-storage systems, including sluggish ionic transport, interfacial instability, and limited catalytic activity. By analyzing the structural and compositional origins of HPQD performance, we highlight how surface ligand chemistry, quantum dot–electrolyte thermodynamics, and band alignment with host redox materials govern electrochemical functionality in solid polymer electrolytes, lithium–sulfur batteries, and photo-assisted electrochemical systems. Three unifying design principles are identified: Lewis acid–base surface engineering, thermodynamic host-state matching, and light–electrochemical coupling. These concepts provide a framework for rational interface design to improve charge transfer, ionic mobility, and reaction kinetics. Despite their considerable promise, practical implementation remains limited by long-term stability, lead toxicity, scalability, and techno-economic constraints. Future progress will depend on scalable synthesis routes, advanced encapsulation and recycling strategies, and the development of stable lead-free HPQDs compatible with commercially relevant battery architectures.