<i>Planck</i>2013 results. XVII. Gravitational lensing by large-scale structure
P. A. R. AdeSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, , Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UKN. AghanimInstitut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, FranceC. Armitage-CaplanSub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, , Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UKM. ArnaudLaboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d'Astrophysique − CEA/DSM − CNRS − Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, FranceM. AshdownAstrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UKF. Atrio‐BarandelaDepartamento de Fsica Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, SpainJ. AumontInstitut d'Astrophysique SpatialeC. BaccigalupiSISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, ItalyA. J. BandayCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceR. B. BarreiroCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceJ. G. BartlettAPC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Universit Paris Diderot,S. BasakSISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, ItalyE. BattanerCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceK. BenabedCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceA. Benoı̂tInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), , 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceA. Benoit-LévyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UKJ. P. BernardCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceM. BersanelliCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceP. BielewiczCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceJ. BobinCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceJ. J. BockCalifornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USAA. BonaldiJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UKL. BonaveraInstituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, SpainJ. R. BondCITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, CanadaJ. BorrillComputational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USAF. R. BouchetCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceM. BridgesAstrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UKM. BucherAPC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Universit Paris Diderot,C. BuriganaDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universit di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyR. C. ButlerINAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, ItalyJ.-F. CardosoLaboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, FranceA. CatalanoLERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, FranceA. ChallinorCentre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UKA. ChamballuDSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, FranceH. C. ChiangAstrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, , Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South AfricaL.-Y ChiangInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, TaiwanP. R. ChristensenS. ChurchStanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USAD. L. ClementsImperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UKS. ColombiCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceL. P. L. ColomboDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USAF. CouchotLAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, FranceA. CoulaisLERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, FranceB. P. CrillObservational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAA. CurtoAstrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UKF. CuttaiaINAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, ItalyL. DaneseSISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, ItalyR. D. DaviesJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UKR. J. DavisJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UKP. de BernardisDipartimento di Fisica, Universit La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, ItalyA. de RosaINAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, ItalyG. de ZottiINAF − Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, , Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, Padova, ItalyT. DécheletteInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), , 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceJ. DelabrouilleAPC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, FranceJ.‐M. DelouisCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceF.–X. DésertIPAG:Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, FranceC. DickinsonJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UKJ. M. DiegoInstituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, SpainH. DoleInstitut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, FranceS. DonzelliINAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, ItalyO. DoréJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USAM. DouspisInstitut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, FranceJ. DunkleySub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, , Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UKX. DupacEuropean Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainG. EfstathiouInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKT. A. EnßlinMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, GermanyH. K. EriksenInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, NorwayF. Finelli⋆INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, ItalyO. ForniUniversité de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceM. FrailisINAF − Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, , via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, ItalyE. FranceschiINAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, ItalyS. GaleottaINAF − Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, , via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, ItalyK. GangaAPC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, FranceM. GiardUniversité de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceG. GiardinoEuropean Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsY. Giraud–HéraudAPC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, FranceJ. González-NuevoSISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, ItalyK. M. GórskiWarsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, PolandS. GrattonInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKA. GregorioDipartimento di Fisica, Universit degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, ItalyA. GruppusoINAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, ItalyJ. E. GudmundssonDepartment of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USAF. K. HansenInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, NorwayD. HansonCITA, University ofToronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, CanadaD. L. HarrisonInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKS. Henrot–VersilléLAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, FranceC. Hernández-MonteagudoMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, GermanyD. HerranzInstituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, SpainS. R. HildebrandtCalifornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USAE. HivonUPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, FranceShirley HoDepartment of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USAM. HobsonAstrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UKW. A. HolmesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USAA. HornstrupDTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkW. HovestMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, GermanyK. M. HuffenbergerDepartment of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USAA. H. JaffeImperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UKT. R. JaffeCNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, FranceW. C. JonesDepartment of Physics, Princeton University, , Princeton, New Jersey, USAM. JuvelaDepartment of Physics, Gustaf Hllstrmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
2014en
ABI
Abstract
On the arcminute angular scales probed by Planck, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies are gently perturbed by gravitational lensing. Here we present a detailed study of this effect, detecting lensing independently in the 100, 143, and 217 GHz frequency bands with an overall significance of greater than 25. We use the temperature-gradient correlations induced by lensing to reconstruct a (noisy) map of the CMB lensing potential, which provides an integrated measure of the mass distribution back to the CMB last-scattering surface. Our lensing potential map is significantly correlated with other tracers of mass, a fact which we demonstrate using several representative tracers of large-scale structure. We estimate the power spectrum of the lensing potential, finding generally good agreement with expectations from the best-fitting CDM model for the Planck temperature power spectrum, showing that this measurement at z = 1100 correctly predicts the properties of the lower-redshift, latertime structures which source the lensing potential. When combined with the temperature power spectrum, our measurement provides degeneracybreaking power for parameter constraints; it improves CMB-alone constraints on curvature by a factor of two and also partly breaks the degeneracy between the amplitude of the primordial perturbation power spectrum and the optical depth to reionization, allowing a measurement of the optical depth to reionization which is independent of large-scale polarization data. Discarding scale information, our measurement corresponds to a 4% constraint on the amplitude of the lensing potential power spectrum, or a 2% constraint on the root-mean-squared amplitude of matter fluctuations at z 2.
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Citations and references
Cited by 20 references