Volume of the set of separable states
Abstract
The question of how many entangled or, respectively, separable states there are in the set of all quantum states is considered. We propose a natural measure in the space of density matrices $\ensuremath{\varrho}$ describing $N$-dimensional quantum systems. We prove that, under this measure, the set of separable states possesses a nonzero volume. Analytical lower and upper bounds of this volume are also derived for $N=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ and $N=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3$ cases. Finally, numerical Monte Carlo calculations allow us to estimate the volume of separable states, providing numerical evidence that it decreases exponentially with the dimension of the composite system. We have also analyzed a conditional measure of separability under the condition of fixed purity. Our results display a clear dualism between purity and separability: entanglement is typical of pure states, while separability is connected with quantum mixtures. In particular, states of sufficiently low purity are necessarily separable.