Cu2+- and Zn2+-doped cobalt spinel ferrite: insights on structural, thermal conduction, electric, magnetic and elastic properties
Abstract
Abstract M–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (where M=Cu and Zn) nanoferrites were successfully prepared using the citrate auto-combustion technique. The main idea was drawn through a complete study of the structural, morphological, thermal, magnetic, and electrical properties. The obtain findings were explained in the light of incorporation both $${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Cu</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> and $${\mathrm{Zn}}^{2+}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Zn</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> ions in the Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> crystal. All the investigated samples were found to belong to space group (Fd-3m) and space group number (227). The crystallite size of the Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , Cu–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and Zn–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nanoparticles was found to be 8, 15, and 14, respectively. While, the lattice constants were 8.4 nm, 8.39 nm, and 8.42 nm, respectively. The doping exhibits enhancement of the elastic properties. Cu–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shows young’ modulus at 278.97 GPa, while the shear modulus was 185.98 GPa, as highest obtained values compared to virgin and other doping samples. The highest saturation magnetization was observed for virgin sample, Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , (56.1 emu/g) compared to it being 46.9 and 45 emu/g for Cu–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and Zn–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , respectively. The highest magnetic susceptibility (0.639) was obtained for Zn–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat of the prepared samples were investigated by the hot disk technique at room temperature. The results have shown an enhancement in the thermal properties of Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> -doped Zn and Cu rather than virgin Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , predicting required thermal stability in the working devices. The Cu–Co $${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Fe</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mm