Article

Can Africa Serve Europe with Hydrogen Energy from Its Renewables?—Assessing the Economics of Shipping Hydrogen and Hydrogen Carriers to Europe from Different Parts of the Continent

Ephraim Bonah AgyekumDepartment of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia Boris, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, RussiaJeffrey Dankwa AmpahSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, ChinaSolomon Eghosa UhunamureFaculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South AfricaKarabo ShaleFaculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South AfricaIfeoma Prisca OnyenegechaDepartment of Communication and Media Studies, Cyprus International University, Cyprus, Mersin 33010, TurkeyVladimir Ivanovich VelkinDepartment of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia Boris, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia

2023en

ABI

Abstract

There exists no single optimal way for transporting hydrogen and other hydrogen carriers from one port to the other globally. Its delivery depends on several factors such as the quantity, distance, economics, and the availability of the required infrastructure for its transportation. Europe has a strategy to invest in the production of green hydrogen in Africa to meet its needs. This study assessed the economic viability of shipping liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and hydrogen carriers to Germany from six African countries that have been identified as countries with great potential in the production of hydrogen. The results obtained suggest that the shipping of LH2 to Europe (Germany) will cost between 0.47 and 1.55 USD/kg H2 depending on the distance of travel for the ship. Similarly, the transportation of hydrogen carriers could range from 0.19 to 0.55 USD/kg H2 for ammonia, 0.25 to 0.77 USD/kg H2 for LNG, 0.24 to 0.73 USD/kg H2 for methanol, and 0.43 to 1.28 USD/kg H2 for liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). Ammonia was found to be the ideal hydrogen carrier since it recorded the least transportation cost. A sensitivity analysis conducted indicates that an increase in the economic life by 5 years could averagely decrease the cost of LNG by some 13.9%, NH3 by 13.2%, methanol by 7.9%, LOHC by 8.03%, and LH2 by 12.41% under a constant distance of 6470 nautical miles. The study concludes with a suggestion that if both foreign and local participation in the development of the hydrogen market is increased in Africa, the continent could supply LH2 and other hydrogen carriers to Europe at a cheaper price using clean fuel.

Identifiers

DOI: 10.3390/su15086509

Citations and references

Cited by 20 references

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