Extraction of the muon signals recorded with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory using recurrent neural networks
A. AabIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas -.- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico — IST, Universidade de Lisboa — UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. AgliettaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyJustin M. AlburyUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaI. AllekotteCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJaime Álvarez-MuñizInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainRafael Alves BatistaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsGioacchino Alex AnastasiINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyLuis A. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, U.S.ABelén AndradaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas -.- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico — IST, Universidade de Lisboa — UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyPaulo Ricardo Araújo FerreiraRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyJuan Carlos Arteaga VelázquezUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, MéxicoH. AsoreyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas -.- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico — IST, Universidade de Lisboa — UL, Lisboa, PortugalG. ÁvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaAlina Mihaela BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaAlena BakalováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicA. Balaceanu“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaFelicia BarbatoGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyRicardo Jorge Barreira LuzLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas -.- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico — IST, Universidade de Lisboa — UL, Lisboa, PortugalK. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJose A. BellidoUniversidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Arequipa, PeruCorinne BératUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM. E. BertainaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyX. BertouCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaPeter L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyTeresa BisterRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyJonathan BiteauUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceJiří BlažekInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicC. BleveUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicDenise BoncioliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilLuan Bonneau ArbeletcheUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, BrazilNataliia BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandAna Martina BottiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.AT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP. Gabriel Brichetto OrcheraInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaF. L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Department Physik — Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkVrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumMario BuscemiINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyK. S. Caballero‐MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MéxicoLorenzo CaccianigaINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyFabrizia CanforaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsIoana CaracasBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJ. M. CarcellerUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainR. CarusoINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyF. CatalaniUniversidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyLorenzo CazonLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas -.- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico — IST, Universidade de Lisboa — UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. CerdaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilK. ChoiUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, BelgiumJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicL. ChytkaPalacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech RepublicR. W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaAgustín Cobos CeruttiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional — Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaRoberta ColalilloINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyAlan ColemanUniversity of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, U.S.AM. R. ColucciaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas -.- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico — IST, Universidade de Lisboa — UL, Lisboa, PortugalAntonio CondorelliGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyGiovanni ConsolatiINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaFabio ConvengaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyDiego Correia dos SantosUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilC. E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.AS. DassoDepartamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyB. R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaJ.A. DayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaR. M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilJoaquín de JesúsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS. J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG. De MauroIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJ.R.T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyJaime de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilDanelise de Oliveira FrancoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilF. de PalmaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilEmanuele De VitoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyM. del RíoObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaO. DelignyCNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, FranceA. di MatteoINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ. C. D’OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoR. C. dos AnjosUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, BrazilM. T. DovaIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaJan EbrInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicR. EngelKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyItalo EpicocoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyM. ErdmannRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
2021en
ABI
Abstract
Abstract The Pierre Auger Observatory, at present the largest cosmic-ray observatory ever built, is instrumented with a ground array of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, known as the Surface Detector (SD). The SD samples the secondary particle content (mostly photons, electrons, positrons and muons) of extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies ranging from 10 17 eV up to more than 10 20 eV. Measuring the independent contribution of the muon component to the total registered signal is crucial to enhance the capability of the Observatory to estimate the mass of the cosmic rays on an event-by-event basis. However, with the current design of the SD, it is difficult to straightforwardly separate the contributions of muons to the SD time traces from those of photons, electrons and positrons. In this paper, we present a method aimed at extracting the muon component of the time traces registered with each individual detector of the SD using Recurrent Neural Networks. We derive the performances of the method by training the neural network on simulations, in which the muon and the electromagnetic components of the traces are known. We conclude this work showing the performance of this method on experimental data of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We find that our predictions agree with the parameterizations obtained by the AGASA collaboration to describe the lateral distributions of the electromagnetic and muonic components of extensive air showers.
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