The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors
R. BruchDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]A. Gal‐YamDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]O. YaronDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]Ping ChenDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]N. L. StrotjohannDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]I. IraniDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]E. ZimmermanDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]S. SchulzeDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]Yi YangDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]Y.-L. KimDepartment of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancs LA1 4YB, UKMattia BullaThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenJ. SollermanThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenM. RigaultUniversité de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, FranceE. O. OfekDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]Maayane T. SoumagnacDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Weizmann Institute of Science 234 Herzl Street 76100 Rehovot, Israel; [email protected]Frank J. MasciIPAC, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAC. FremlingCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAD. A. PerleyAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UKJ. NordinInstitute of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, GermanyS. B. CenkoAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MC 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAA. Y. Q. HoDepartment of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAS. M. AdamsCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAIgor AdreoniCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAE. BellmDIRAC Institute, Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USAN. BlagorodnovaDepartment of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsKevin B. BurdgeCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAKishalay DeCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USARichard DekanyCaltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USASuhail DhawanThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenA. J. DrakeDivision of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USADmitry A. DuevDivision of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAM. J. GrahamCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAM. L. GrahamCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAJ. E. JencsonCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAE. KaramehmetogluDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkM. M. KasliwalCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAS. R. KulkarniCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAAdam A. MillerCenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 1800 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USAJames D. NeillCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAThomas A. PrinceDivision of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAReed RiddleCaltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USABen RusholmeIPAC, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAY. SharmaCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USARoger M. SmithCaltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USANiharika SravanDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAK. TaggartAstrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UKRichard WaltersCaltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USALin YanCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
2023en
ABI
Abstract
Abstract Narrow transient emission lines (flash-ionization features) in early supernova (SN) spectra trace the presence of circumstellar material (CSM) around the massive progenitor stars of core-collapse SNe. The lines disappear within days after the SN explosion, suggesting that this material is spatially confined, and originates from enhanced mass loss shortly (months to a few years) prior to the explosion. We performed a systematic survey of H-rich (Type II) SNe discovered within less than 2 days from the explosion during the first phase of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey (2018–2020), finding 30 events for which a first spectrum was obtained within <2 days from the explosion. The measured fraction of events showing flash-ionization features (>36% at the 95% confidence level) confirms that elevated mass loss in massive stars prior to SN explosion is common. We find that SNe II showing flash-ionization features are not significantly brighter, nor bluer, nor more slowly rising than those without. This implies that CSM interaction does not contribute significantly to their early continuum emission, and that the CSM is likely optically thin. We measured the persistence duration of flash-ionization emission and find that most SNe show flash features for ≈5 days. Rarer events, with persistence timescales >10 days, are brighter and rise longer, suggesting these may be intermediate between regular SNe II and strongly interacting SNe IIn.
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Citations and references
Cited by 20 references