PERSONAL INITIATIVE AT WORK: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EAST AND WEST GERMANY.
Michael Fresé#N#1University of AmsterdamWolfgang Kring#N#1University of AmsterdamAndrea Soose2University of GiessenJeannette Zempel2University of Giessen
1996en
ABI
Abstract
Personal initiative, a concept akin to entrepreneurship and organizational spontaneity, was compared in East and West Germany. Differences were hypothesized to be the results of occupational socialization, particularly of work control and complexity, rather than of a selection effect. A representative longitudinal study was conducted in the East and a cross-sectional study in the West. Lower initiative at work was found in the East; control and complexity affected changes in initiative. The results speak for socialization and against selection.
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