Novel Electrochemical Pretreatment for Preferential Removal of Nonylphenol in Industrial Wastewater: Biodegradability Improvement and Toxicity Reduction
Abstract
Preferential pretreatment of nonylphenol (NP) before biological treatment is of great significance due to its horizontal gene transfer effect and endocrine disruption activity. A novel molecular imprinting high-index facet SnO2 (MI-SnO2, HIF) electrode is designed. NP was effectively removed from industrial wastewater at 1.8 V with totally suppressing human estrogen activity. The ratio of 5 day biological oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/CODCr) was enhanced to 0.412 from 0.186 after preferential pretreatment. The effluent concentration of NP was 6.4 μg L–1 after further simulating anaerobic-anoxic-oxic treatment, which was about 1/10 of that without pretreatment. This preferential electrochemical pretreatment is interpreted as prior adsorption and enrichment of target pollutants on the MI-SnO2, HIF surface. The reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidation products were investigated by in situ electron paramagnetic resonance and electrochemical infrared spectroscopy. The degradation pathway of NP was further analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. This unique pretreatment method for a complex tannery wastewater system has irreplaceable status because no methods with similar advantages have been reported, expecting to be widely used in preferential pretreatment of toxic contaminants blended with highly concentrated nontoxic organics.