<i>Euclid</i>
M. CropperMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKAshraf Al-BahlawanMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKJ. AmiauxUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceM.S. AwanMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKR. AzzolliniMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKH. J. McCrackenMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKMichel BerthéUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceJ.-M. BoucherMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKE. BozzoDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandC. Brockley-BlattMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKGian Paolo CandiniMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKC. CaraUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceRahil ChauderyMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKRichard E. ColeMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKPascale DantoCentre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, FranceJames DennistonMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKA. M. Di GiorgioINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, ItalyBen DryerSchool of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UKJulien DuboisUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, FranceJ. EndicottXCAM Limited, 2 Stone Circle Road, Northampton NN3 8RF, UKM. FarinaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, ItalyEmanuele GalliINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, ItalyLudovic GenoletDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandJason GowCentre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UKP. GuttridgeMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKM. HaileyMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKDavid HallCentre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UKChristofer HarperUK Space Agency, Swindon, SN2 1SZ, UKH. HoekstraLeiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The NetherlandsAndrew D. HollandCentre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UKB. HoreauUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceD. HuMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKRachel JamesMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKAli Kh. KhalilMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKRobbie KingUK Space Agency, Swindon, SN2 1SZ, UKT. KitchingMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKR. KohleyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid SpainC. LarchevêqueAPCO Technologies, Chemin de Champex 10, 1860 Aigle, SwitzerlandAlastair LawrensonMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKP. LiebingMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKS.J LiuINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, ItalyJ. MartignacUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceR. MasseyDepartment of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UKL. MillerDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UKNorman MurrayCentre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UKR. NakajimaUniversität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, GermanyS.-M NiemiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsJ.W NightingaleDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UKS. PaltaniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandAnand PendemMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKA. PhilipponUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, FranceC. PlanaMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKP. PoolTeledyne E2V, 106, Waterhouse Lane, Chelmsford CM1 2QU, UKS. PottingerMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKG. D. RaccaEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsJ. RhodesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USAA. RousseauMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKK. RuaneMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKMario SalattiItalian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyJ.-C SalvignolEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsAlice SciortinoOHB Italia, Via Gallarate 150, 20151 Milano, ItalyAnthony ShortEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsJ. SkottfeltCentre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UKSamuel SmitMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKIan SwindellsTeledyne E2V, 106, Waterhouse Lane, Chelmsford CM1 2QU, UKMagdalena SzafraniecEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsPeter ThomasMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKWilliam R. ThomasMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKE. TommasiItalian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, ItalyS. TostiUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, FranceFrançois VisticotUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceD.M. WaltonMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKG. WillisMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKB. WinterMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UKN. AghanimUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, FranceB AltieriESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid SpainA AmaraSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UKS. AndreonINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, ItalyN. AuricchioINAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyH. AusselUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceC. BaccigalupiIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyM BaldiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyA. BalestraINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, ItalyS. BardelliINAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyAlberto BassetCentre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, FranceR. BenderMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyFrancis BernardeauInstitut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, FranceC. BodendorfMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyTobias BoenkeEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsD. BoninoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), ItalyE. BranchiniDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, ItalyM. BresciaDepartment of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, ItalyJ. BrinchmannInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalS. CameraDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyV. CapobiancoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), ItalyC. CarboneINAF – IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, ItalyV. F. CardoneINAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyJ. CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, SpainR. CasasInstitut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
2024en
ABI
Abstract
This paper presents the specification, design, and development of the Visible Camera (VIS) on the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission. VIS is a large optical-band imager with a field of view of 0.54 deg 2 sampled at 0″.1 with an array of 609 Megapixels and a spatial resolution of 0″.18. It will be used to survey approximately 14 000 deg 2 of extragalactic sky to measure the distortion of galaxies in the redshift range z = 0.1–1.5 resulting from weak gravitational lensing, one of the two principal cosmology probes leveraged by Euclid . With photometric redshifts, the distribution of dark matter can be mapped in three dimensions, and the extent to which this has changed with look-back time can be used to constrain the nature of dark energy and theories of gravity. The entire VIS focal plane will be transmitted to provide the largest images of the Universe from space to date, specified to reach m AB ≥ 24.5 with a signal-to-noise ratio S/N ≥ 10 in a single broad I E ≃ ( r + i + z ) band over a six-year survey. The particularly challenging aspects of the instrument are the control and calibration of observational biases, which lead to stringent performance requirements and calibration regimes. With its combination of spatial resolution, calibration knowledge, depth, and area covering most of the extra-Galactic sky, VIS will also provide a legacy data set for many other fields. This paper discusses the rationale behind the conception of VIS and describes the instrument design and development, before reporting the prelaunch performance derived from ground calibrations and brief results from the inorbit commissioning. VIS should reach fainter than m AB = 25 with S/N ≥ 10 for galaxies with a full width at half maximum of 0″. 3 in a 1″.3 diameter aperture over the Wide Survey, and m AB ≥ 26.4 for a Deep Survey that will cover more than 50 deg 2 . The paper also describes how the instrument works with the Euclid telescope and survey, and with the science data processing, to extract the cosmological information.
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Cited by 100 references