Water-Soluble Quantum Dots for Multiphoton Fluorescence Imaging in Vivo
Daniel R. LarsonQuantum Dot Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USAWarren R. ZipfelQuantum Dot Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USARebecca M. WilliamsQuantum Dot Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USAStephen W. ClarkQuantum Dot Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USAMarcel P. BruchezQuantum Dot Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USAFrank W. WiseQuantum Dot Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USAWatt W. WebbQuantum Dot Corporation, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
2003en
ABI
Abstract
The use of semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) as fluorescent labels for multiphoton microscopy enables multicolor imaging in demanding biological environments such as living tissue. We characterized water-soluble cadmium selenide-zinc sulfide quantum dots for multiphoton imaging in live animals. These fluorescent probes have two-photon action cross sections as high as 47,000 Goeppert-Mayer units, by far the largest of any label used in multiphoton microscopy. We visualized quantum dots dynamically through the skin of living mice, in capillaries hundreds of micrometers deep. We found no evidence of blinking (fluorescence intermittency) in solution on nanosecond to millisecond time scales.
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Cited by 20 references