The genomic impact of European colonization of the Americas
Linda OngaroEstonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, EstoniaMarília O. ScliarDepartamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, BrazilRodrigo FloresEstonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, EstoniaAlessandro RaveaneDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDavide MarnettoEstonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, EstoniaStefania SarnoDepartment of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, ItalyGuido Alberto Gnecchi‐RusconeDepartment of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, GermanyMarta E. Alarcón‐RiquelmeGENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/ University of Granada/ Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, SpainÉtienne PatinHuman Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, FrancePongsakorn WangkumhangDepartment of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UKGarrett HellenthalDepartment of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UKMiguel González‐SantosDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKRoy KingDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CAAnastasia KouvatsiDepartment of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceOleg BalanovskyVavilov Institute of General Genetics, Research Centre of Medical Genetics, Moscow, RussiaElena BalanovskaVavilov Institute of General Genetics, Research Centre of Medical Genetics, Moscow, RussiaЛ. А. АтраментоваDepartment of Genetics and Cytology, V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, UkraineShahlo ТurdikulovaLaboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, UzbekistanSarabjit MastanaSchool of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UKDamir MarjanovićDepartment of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaLejla KovačevićAndreja LeskovacVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaMaria Fernanda Lima‐CostaInstituto de Pesquisa Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, BrazilAlexandre C. PereiraInstituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, BrazilMaurício L. BarretoCenter of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BrazilBernardo Lessa HortaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 464, Pelotas, RS, 96001-970, BrazilNédio MabundaInstituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, MozambiqueCelia A. MayDepartment of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UKAndrés Moreno‐EstradaNational Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (LANGEBIO), CINVESTAV, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, MexicoAlessandro AchilliDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyAnna OlivieriDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyOrnella SeminoDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyKristiina TambetsEstonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, EstoniaToomas KivisildDepartment of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, BelgiumDonata LuiselliDepartment of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, ItalyAntonio TorroniDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyCristian CapelliDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKEduardo Tarazona‐SantosDepartamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, BrazilMait MetspaluEstonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, EstoniaLuca PaganiDepartment of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, ItalyFrancesco MontinaroDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract The human genetic diversity of the Americas has been shaped by several events of gene flow that have continued since the Colonial Era and the Atlantic slave trade. Moreover, multiple waves of migration followed by local admixture occurred in the last two centuries, the impact of which has been largely unexplored. Here we compiled a genome-wide dataset of ∼12,000 individuals from twelve American countries and ∼6,000 individuals from worldwide populations and applied haplotype-based methods to investigate how historical movements from outside the New World affected i) the genetic structure, ii) the admixture profile, iii) the demographic history and iv) sex-biased gene-flow dynamics, of the Americas. We revealed a high degree of complexity underlying the genetic contribution of European and African populations in North and South America, from both geographic and temporal perspectives, identifying previously unreported sources related to Italy, the Middle East and to specific regions of Africa.
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