The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta‐analysis
Ramy Abou GhaydaUrology Institute University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USAKeum Hwa LeeDepartment of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of KoreaYoung Joo HanHospital Medicine Center Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine Busan Republic of KoreaSeohyun RyuYonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of KoreaSung Hwi HongYonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of KoreaSojung YoonYonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of KoreaGwang Hum JeongCollege of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Jinju Republic of KoreaJae Won YangDepartment of Nephrology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine Wonju Republic of KoreaHyo‐Jeong LeeYonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of KoreaJinhee LeeDepartment of Nephrology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine Wonju Republic of KoreaJun Young LeeDepartment of Nephrology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine Wonju Republic of KoreaMaria EffenbergerDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck AustriaMichael EisenhutLuton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Luton UKAndreas KronbichlerDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck AustriaMarco SolmiDepartment of Mental Health The Ottawa Hospital Ontario CanadaHan LiUniversity of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida USALouis JacobFaculty of Medicine University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines Versailles FranceAi KoyanagiICREA Barcelona SpainJoaquim RaduàDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm SwedenMyung-Bae ParkDepartment of Gerontology Health and Welfare Pai Chai University Daejeon Republic of KoreaSevda AghayevaDepartment of Gastroenterology Azerbaijan Medical University School of Medicine Baku AzerbaijanMohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim AhmedResearch Unit in Epidemiology and Diversity of Microorganisms, Department of Biology University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya Nouakchott MauritaniaAbdulwahed Al SerouriHumaid O. Al‐ShamsiBurjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City Abu Dhabi United Arab EmiratesMehrdad Amir‐BehghadamiIranian Center of Excellence in Health Management (IceHM) School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz IranOidov BaatarkhuuSchool of Medicine Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences Ulan Bator MongoliaHyam BashourDepartment of Family and Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University Damascus SyriaАнастасія БондаренкоShupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine Kyiv UkraineAdrián Camacho-OrtízServicio de Infectología Hospital Universitario “Dr José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey MexicoFranz CastroDepartment of Research and Health Technology Assessment Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies Panama City PanamaHorace CoxMinistry of Health Guyana Georgetown GuyanaHayk DavtyanTuberculosis Research and Prevention Center NGO Yerevan ArmeniaKirk Osmond DouglasCentre for Biosecurity Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill St. Michael BarbadosElena DragiotiDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linkoping University Linkoping SwedenShahul H. EbrahimFaculty of Medicine University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology Bamako MaliMartina FerioliIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit S. Orsola‐Malpighi Hospital Bologna ItalyHarapan HarapanMedical Research Unit School of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh IndonesiaSaad I. MallahSchool of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland‐Bahrain Busaiteen Kingdom of BahrainAamer IkramNational Institute of Health Islamabad PakistanShigeru InoueDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo JapanSlobodan ЈаnkovicDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac Kragujevac SerbiaUmesh JayarajahPostgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Colombo Sri LankaMiloš JeseňákDepartment of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Comenius University in Bratislava Martin SlovakiaPramath KakodkarSchool of Medicine, National University of Galway Ireland Galway IrelandYohannes KebedeDepartment of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health Jimma University Jimma EthiopiaMeron KifleCentre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UKDavid KohSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore SiangaporeVišnja Kokić MalešDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease in Split Clinical Hospital Centre Split, School of Medicine Split, Šoltanska 1 Split CroatiaKatarzyna KotfisDepartment Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin PolandSulaiman LakohCollege of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone Freetown Sierra LeoneLowell LingDepartment of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, Hong Kong SAR ChinaJorge Llibre‐GuerraWashington University School of Medicine in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USAMasaki MachidaDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo JapanRichard MakurumidzeDepartment of Community Medicine, Department of Primary Care Sciences University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Harare ZimbabweMohammed A. MamunCHINTA Research Bangladesh Dhaka BangladeshIzet MašićAcademy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnia and HerzegovinaHoàng Văn MinhCenter for Population Health Sciences, Hanoi University of Public Health Hanoi VietnamSergey MoiseevSechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow RussiaThomas NadasdyChen NahshonDepartment of Gynecologic Surgery and Oncology Carmel Medical Center Haifa IsraelSilvio A. Ñamendys‐SilvaInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Mexico City MexicoBlaise Nguendo YongsiInstitute for Training & Research in Population Studies (IFORD), The University of Yaoundé II Soa CameroonHenning B. NielsenDepartment of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Roskilde DenmarkZita Aleyo NodjikouambayeMobile Laboratory for Hemorrhagic and Respiratory Viruses in Ndjamena Ndjamena ChadOhnmar OhnmarDepartment of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar) Myanmar Health Ministry Yangon MyanmarAtte OksanenTampere University Tampere Pirkanmaa FinlandOluwatomi OwopetuDepartment of Community Medicine University College Hospital Ibadan NigeriaKonstantinos ParperisDepartment of Internal Medicine University of Cyprus Medical School Nicosia CyprusGonzalo PérezKrit PongpirulDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok ThailandMarius RademakerWaikato Clinical School, Auckland University Medical School Hamilton New ZealandSandro G. Viveiros-RosaCollege of Pharmacy, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói Rio de Janeiro BrazilRanjit SahNational Public Health Laboratory Kathmandu NepalDina E. SallamDepartment of Pediatrics & pediatric nephrology, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo EgyptPatrick SchoberDepartment of Anesthesiology Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The NetherlandsTanu SinghalKokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute Mumbai IndiaSilva TafajUniversity Hospital Shefqet Ndroqi Tirana AlbaniaIrene TorresJ. Smith Torres‐RomanUniversidad Cientifica del Sur Lima PerúD TsartsalisTsolmon JadambaMongolian National University of Medical Sciences Ulaanbaatar MongoliaL. N. TuychievThe Tashkent Medical Academy Tashkent UzbekistanBatrić VukčevićFaculty of Medicine University of Montenegro Podgorica MontenegroGuy Ikambo WanghiUnit of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the CongoUwe WollinaDepartment of Dermatology and Allergology Städtisches Klinikum Dresden Dresden GermanyRen‐He XuCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Macau Taipa Macau ChinaLin YangDepartment of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Alberta Health Services Calgary CanadaZoubida ZaidiFaculty of Medicine University Ferhat Abbas Setif AlgeriaLee SmithThe Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UKJae Il ShinDepartment of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
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Аннотация
The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID-19's case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta-analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID-19 for every country reporting COVID-19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta-analyses for CFR of COVID-19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed- and random-model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random-model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random-model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high-income countries, pooled estimates and fixed-model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random-model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle-income, the pooled estimates and fixed-model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low-income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID-19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries.
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