The association between marijuana use and oral cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies
Suleiman Ibrahim MohammadElectronic Marketing and Social Media, Economic and Administrative Sciences, Zarqa UniversityAsokan VasudevanFaculty of Business and Communications, INTI International UniversityMahmood Jasem JawadDepartment of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University CollegeI.B. SapaevDepartment of Physics and Chemistry, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research UniversityZahraa Khudhair Abbas Al-KhafajiDepartment of Medical analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Al DiwaniyahKDV PrasadSymbiosis Institute of Business Management, Hyderabad; Symbiosis International (Deemed University)Yasser Fakri MustafaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of MosulMohannad Abdulrazzaq GatiCollege of Health and Medical Technologies, National University of Science and TechnologyBatool Ali AhmedDepartment of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University CollegeAmirali EbrahimiGuilan University of Medical Sciences
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= 0.532). Three individual studies showed statistically significant protective effects, while three others were non-significant. This meta-analysis suggests marijuana use is associated with reduced oral cancer risk. However, given methodological limitations, heterogeneity in exposure assessment, and conflicting recent evidence, these findings require cautious interpretation. Future large-scale prospective cohort studies with standardized exposure measurements are essential for definitive conclusions.
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