Neolithic of the Middle Zeravshan: New Data on Sazagan Culture Pottery
Аннотация
The paper reports new results on pottery of the Sazagan Culture from the Middle Zeravshan Valley and reassesses how local environmental settings shaped Neolithic ceramic production. Five sherds from Ochilgor, Sazagan-3, and Jangal-1 were investigated with optical microscopy (Nikon Eclipse LV100N POL) and Raman spectroscopy. Across all samples, spectra show bands of the ceramic matrix and calcite at 0–1000 cm⁻¹, together with a broad rise around 2000–4500 cm⁻¹ attributed to vibrations of organic compounds, trapped CO₂, and water molecules. The Ochilgor group displays magnesium sulfate interpreted as a flux, implying purposeful technological choices. Petrographic observations document inclusions of orthoclase, quartz, and calcite; in several cases, shell temper derived from river mollusks is evident and may have influenced thermal behavior and shrinkage of the fabric. Combining spectral and petrographic criteria, we infer at least three independent clay sources and support a predominantly local procurement strategy. We discuss implications for reconstructing raw-material exchange, supply radius, and workshop practice within the Middle Zeravshan “cultural oasis.” The results are integrated with regional chronostratigraphy, archaeological mapping, and settlement models, refining the dating and technological differentiation of Sazagan Culture pottery in the Neolithic and providing a reproducible baseline for cross-site comparison in Central Asia and synthesis.