Digital Traces as an Object of Forensic Research: Concept, Classification and Evidentiary Challenges

Digital traces constitute a fundamental category of forensic evidence in contemporary criminal investigations, yet their conceptualization remains fragmented across jurisdictions. This study examines the theoretical foundations of digital traces as objects of forensic research, proposing a systematic classification framework and analyzing evidentiary challenges in criminal proceedings. Through comparative analysis of international legal frameworks, including the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, EU Digital Evidence Regulation, and national legislation across multiple jurisdictions, this research identifies critical gaps in the legal treatment of digital traces. The study reveals significant inconsistencies in authenticity verification standards, chain of custody requirements, and admissibility criteria for digital evidence. Results demonstrate the necessity for harmonized international standards governing digital trace collection, preservation, and presentation in criminal proceedings, while recognizing jurisdictional variations in procedural safeguards and constitutional protections.

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