CMOS-compatible single-photon detector array for low-light fluorescence endoscopy in Samarkand regional hospitals

Fluorescence endoscopy in gastrointestinal and pulmonary oncology suffers from low photon flux and high background noise, especially in routine procedures at regional hospitals. This study reports the design and first clinical evaluation of a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible single-photon detector array optimised for low-light fluorescence endoscopy in Samarkand regional hospitals. The device integrates a dense matrix of single-photon sensitive pixels with on-chip timing and noise-suppression circuitry, enabling operation with ultra-low excitation power and reduced phototoxicity. A custom fibre-based endoscope was coupled to the detector and evaluated on tissue-mimicking phantoms and in pilot clinical procedures, using standard fluorophores for dysplasia visualisation. Primary outcomes included minimum detectable radiant flux, signal-to-noise ratio, lesion-to-background contrast and procedural workflow compatibility. The results demonstrate that complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible single-photon detection can substantially enhance fluorescence image quality under resource-constrained conditions, supporting earlier lesion detection and more equitable access to advanced endoscopic diagnostics in emerging healthcare systems.

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