CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK DURING MENOPAUSE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PREVENTION

Menopause represents a critical transition in a woman’s life, characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and a decline in estrogen levels. This hormonal shift is strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of mortality among women globally. The loss of estrogen’s protective effects leads to metabolic changes, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and increased arterial stiffness. This article explores the mechanisms underlying increased cardiovascular risk during menopause, evaluates epidemiological trends, and discusses diagnostic and preventive strategies. The findings emphasize the need for early risk assessment and targeted interventions in menopausal women.

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