Swarm-Based Adaptive Control Protocol for Secure Communication and Decision Making in Distributed IoT Systems

The rapid expansion of widespread IoT network in smarter farming demands adaptive, safe, and decentralized control measures to address the environmental diversity, communication load, and cyber-attacks. Existing methods are either centralized in nature or lack scalability or have lightweight security and real-time responsiveness and therefore cannot be used in dynamic field environments. In this paper, a new ACO-Fuzzy-ECC hybrid protocol is introduced that incorporates the adaptive routing algorithm using the Ant Colony Optimization algorithm, local decision-making using Fuzzy Inference Systems, and the secure communication algorithm using the Elliptic Curve Cryptography algorithm. The new system enables every IoT node to sense, make decisions, encrypt and transfer data independently and efficiently without the help of a central coordination. The protocol was written in Python and simulated by comparing its performance with AODV and LEACH. The various node densities have recorded performance improvements in Packet Delivery Ratio, energy efficiency and lifetime of the network. The framework offers an intelligent, scalable, and powerful solution to control IoT in agricultural fields with real-time flexibility and low computational burdens.

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