A Historical and Legal Analysis Of The Formation And Development Of The International Legal Foundations Of Liability For War Crimes

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the emergence and evolutionary development of the institution of international criminal liability for war crimes. The author divides the history of the criminalization of war crimes into four main periods and examines the path from ancient times to the formation of the modern system of international criminal justice. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals in establishing the principles of individual criminal responsibility, as well as to the implementation of norms of international humanitarian law into the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In addition, the article examines contemporary challenges in ensuring liability for war crimes in the context of hybrid warfare, artificial intelligence, and cyber technologies.

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