Beyond Legal Personhood Collective and Graduated Legal Subjectivity of Artificial Intelligence

This study examines changes in legal responsibility in response to artificial intelligence systems and the need for flexible liability frameworks. Traditional legal models based on strict categories of persons and objects are becoming less effective in complex digital environments. The research explores shared network liability, judicial autonomy structures, and international AI governance approaches. A qualitative method based on doctrinal and document analysis is used to examine legal texts, policies, and scholarly work on AI regulation. Findings indicate that responsibility is now distributed across developers, users, platforms, and institutions rather than held by a single actor. Global policy developments show a shift toward risk-based and cooperative governance models. Despite this progress, challenges remain in enforcement consistency, cross-border regulation, and identifying algorithmic harm. The study concludes that legal systems must adopt flexible and system-oriented frameworks to ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability in rapidly evolving artificial intelligence environments shaping modern societies.

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