Risk Factors Associated with Peri-Implantitis: A Review Of Current Evidence

Peri-implantitis is one of the most common biological complications associated with dental implant therapy and represents a major challenge in modern implantology. The increasing prevalence of dental implantation worldwide has been accompanied by a rise in peri-implant diseases, negatively affecting long-term implant survival and treatment outcomes. Peri-implantitis is characterized by inflammatory destruction of peri-implant tissues leading to progressive marginal bone loss and possible implant failure. The aim of this review was to analyze current evidence regarding the major risk factors associated with peri-implantitis. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using international scientific databases and included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and international consensus reports published between 2018 and 2025. The analyzed studies demonstrated that peri-implantitis is a multifactorial disease influenced by bacterial biofilm accumulation, poor oral hygiene, history of periodontitis, smoking, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, prosthetic and surgical factors, biomechanical overload, and inadequate maintenance therapy. Recent evidence also highlights the role of inflammatory mediators and host-related factors in disease progression. Early diagnosis, individualized risk assessment, and regular supportive peri-implant therapy are essential for prevention of peri-implant tissue destruction and long-term implant success.

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