The Main Stages Of Khorezmian Cultural Development In The 14th–15th Centuries: A Historical And Archaeological Perspective

The 14th and 15th centuries mark a pivotal transitional period in the history of the Khorezm oasis, characterized by profound geopolitical shifts, the decline of the Golden Horde, and the eventual integration of the region into the centralized empire of Amir Temur (Tamerlane). Historically, the specific cultural and urban dynamics of Khorezm during the Temurid era have remained under-researched, often overshadowed by macro-historical political narratives. This article aims to elucidate the primary stages of cultural, economic, and urban development in Khorezm during the 14th and 15th centuries, specifically analyzing the transition from the semi-independent Kungrad Sufi dynasty to Temurid administrative control. The findings demonstrate that despite the military campaigns of Amir Temur between 1372 and 1388, the urbanization and cultural development of Khorezm did not cease. While the political hegemony shifted, archaeological and numismatic evidence reveals robust urban continuity in cities such as Khiva, Hazorasp, Vazir, and Adak. The period witnessed significant developments in irrigation networks (the Uzboy and Sarykamysh basins) and a reorientation of transcontinental trade routes.

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