A COMPARATIVE AND TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEMANTIC CATEGORIES OF ADVERBS IN THE UZBEK AND GERMAN LANGUAGES

This article investigates the semantic categories of adverbs in Uzbek and German from a comparative-typological perspective. The purpose of the study is to identify the classification criteria, semantic groups, and functional properties of adverbs in both languages, as well as to reveal their universal and distinctive features. The research employs comparative-typological, lexical-semantic, grammatical, and functional methods of analysis. The findings show that adverbs of place, time, manner, and cause form a common semantic core in Uzbek and German. However, in Uzbek, degree-quantity and purpose adverbs constitute separate semantic groups, whereas in German they are not distinguished as independent categories and are mainly expressed through modal adverbs, syntactic constructions, and prepositional phrases. The results of the study are practically significant for translation theory, comparative grammar, and teaching German to Uzbek-speaking learners.

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