Green‐Synthesized Anzer Honey‐Derived Silver Nanoparticles: Selective Cytotoxic Effects, Oxidative Stress, and Biocompatibility

ABSTRACT In this study, the structural, surface, dielectric, biological, and functional properties of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AH‐AgNPs) produced using Anzer honey (AH) were comprehensively investigated. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited frequency‐dependent dielectric behavior, with the dielectric constant decreasing from approximately 8.8 to 6.0 as frequency increased, while AC conductivity increased markedly. Surface analyses yielded a total free energy of 38.393 mN/m (23.295 mN/m dispersive, 15.098 mN/m polar) and moderate wettability (67.58° water; 59.32° DMF), indicating the presence of bioactive organic coatings. Biological assays demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against C. albicans , and significant photocatalytic efficiency, with methylene blue degradation reaching 21% within 90 min. Notably, AH‐AgNPs showed selective cytotoxicity: At 5 μg/mL, doses were non‐toxic to healthy L929 fibroblasts, whereas cell viability decreased significantly in A549 lung cancer cells. This anticancer effect was primarily mediated by oxidative stress, as evidenced by a marked increase in TOS (from 9 to 81.79 μmol H 2 O 2 eq/g) and OSI (32.90 to 446.51 AU) at higher concentrations. Furthermore, in the wound‐healing model, the wound closure rate was 68.49% in the AH group, increasing to 73.89% in the AH‐AgNP‐treated group, representing one of the most striking outcomes of the study and suggesting enhanced cell migration and proliferation in the presence of nanoparticles. These multifunctional properties—combining distinctive dielectric characteristics, low cytotoxicity to healthy cells, selective anticancer activity, and environmental remediation potential—position these biogenic AH‐AgNPs as promising candidates for advanced biomedical and environmental applications.

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