Статья

A unified 4E framework for porous–PCM integrated solar stills: Synergistic enhancement of energy, exergy, economic, and environmental performance

Suleiman Ibrahim MohammadINTI International University, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaAsokan VasudevanINTI International UniversityAli KhwaldehCommunications and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Amman, JordanAli J. KhalafRadiology Techniques Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, IraqZukhra YakhshievaJizzakh State Pedagogical University, Jizzakh, UzbekistanI.B. SapaevDepartment of Physics and Chemistry, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Tashkent, UzbekistanJasgurpreet Singh ChohanMarwadi University Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, IndiaRanveer SinghDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaPardeep Singh BainsDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda School of Engineering and Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, IndiaAli FoladiKabul University

2026en

ABI

Аннотация

Water scarcity in arid regions, such as Kabul, presents a critical challenge, further complicated by the inherent thermodynamic inefficiencies and high production costs of conventional single-basin solar desalination systems. These systems frequently experience significant exergy destruction and thermal instability, which hinder their practical deployment. To address these limitations, this study evaluates the Energy, Exergy, Exergoeconomic, and Environmental (4E) performance of a single-slope solar still enhanced with a porous wool layer and a phase-change material (PCM). Four configurations—Base, Porous, PCM, and the hybrid porous–PCM design—were analyzed to determine their capacity for performance improvement. The results demonstrate that the hybrid porous–PCM configuration provides the most effective performance. The cumulative thermal efficiency increased from 68.54% (Base) to 83.52% (hybrid), while exergy efficiency improved from 4.66% to 5.81%. Daily distilled water production rose from 4.22 L/m 2 to 5.91 L/m 2 , representing a 40.1% enhancement. From an economic perspective, the specific cost of freshwater decreased from 0.019 USD/L in the Base system to 0.013 USD/L in the hybrid design, a 31.6% reduction. Environmentally, avoided CO 2 emissions increased from 1.98 kg/m 2 ·day to 3.00 kg/m 2 ·day (a 51.5% improvement). These findings confirm that the combined porous–PCM architecture significantly mitigates exergy destruction and enhances cost-effectiveness, characterizing the integrated 4E framework as a viable approach for sustainable solar desalination in resource-constrained environments.

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Идентификаторы

DOI: 10.1177/01445987261463069

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