From Nanoarchitecture to Biological Fate: Toxicity and Biocompatibility of Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots

ABSTRACT Indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) have emerged as promising alternatives to cadmium‐based nanocrystals for biomedical applications due to their favorable optical properties and reduced heavy‐metal toxicity. However, their biological performance is strongly governed by physicochemical design parameters that influence interactions at the nano–bio interface. This review examines how the nanoarchitecture of InP QDs—including core composition, surface coatings, and ligand engineering—shapes their toxicity profile and biocompatibility. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms that control nano–bio interactions, protein corona formation, and cellular responses. We further discuss the in vivo fate of InP QDs, focusing on biodistribution patterns, biological transformations, and clearance pathways that determine their persistence and potential biological impact. Evidence from recent experimental studies is integrated to highlight how surface modification strategies can mitigate adverse effects while enhancing stability and functional performance. Finally, emerging perspectives on the safe design and biomedical translation of InP QDs are discussed, emphasizing the need for standardized toxicity assessment, long‐term exposure studies, and rational nanomaterial engineering. Understanding the relationship between nanoarchitecture and biological fate is essential for advancing InP QDs toward safer and more effective applications in bioimaging, sensing, and nanomedicine.

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