Black Phosphorus Quantum Dot Hybrid Systems: From Interfacial Design Principles to Multifunctional Energy Platforms

ABSTRACT Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have emerged as promising nanoscale building blocks for advanced energy‐storage and energy‐conversion technologies owing to their tunable electronic structures, abundant active sites, quantum‐confinement effects, and versatile surface chemistry. The integration of BPQDs with complementary materials has enabled the development of hybrid systems with enhanced charge‐transfer behavior, structural robustness, and multifunctional energy capabilities. Despite rapid progress, existing studies remain largely application‐oriented, while the fundamental relationships among interface construction, hybrid architecture, stability, and functional performance are often examined independently. This review provides a critical and design‐oriented perspective on BPQD hybrid systems with particular emphasis on interfacial engineering. Major interface‐construction strategies, including van der Waals assembly, surface functionalization, covalent coupling, and in situ growth, are comparatively analyzed in terms of their structural features, advantages, and limitations. The interplay among component selection, dimensional architecture, interface configuration, and stability is further discussed to establish a unified framework for rational hybrid design. Representative advances in alkali‐ion storage, electrocatalytic water splitting, nitrogen reduction, and photocatalytic hydrogen production are evaluated from the viewpoint of interfacial functionality. Finally, emerging directions involving stability‐by‐design concepts, scalable manufacturing, data‐driven materials discovery, and integrated energy systems are highlighted. By bridging interface engineering, materials design, and energy functionality, this review provides a comprehensive framework for the development of next‐generation BPQD hybrid platforms for sustainable energy applications.

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