Статья

Advanced Technology Paths to Global Climate Stability: Energy for a Greenhouse Planet

Martin I. HoffertDepartment of Physics,K. CaldeiraLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USAGregory BenfordDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USADavid R. CriswellInstitute of Space Systems Operations, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USAChristopher GreenDepartment of Economics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T7, CanadaHoward J. HerzogMIT Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Cambridge, MA 02139, USAAtul K. JainDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USAHaroon S. KheshgiExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USAKlaus S. LacknerDepartment of Earth and Environmental Engineering,John S. LewisLunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAH. Douglas LightfootCentre for Climate and Global Change Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, CanadaWallace M. ManheimerPlasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USAJohn C. MankinsNASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USAM. E. MauelDepartment of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USAL.J. PerkinsLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USAMichael E. SchlesingerDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USATyler VolkDepartment of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USAT. M. L. WigleyNational Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA

2002en

ABI

Аннотация

Stabilizing the carbon dioxide-induced component of climate change is an energy problem. Establishment of a course toward such stabilization will require the development within the coming decades of primary energy sources that do not emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, in addition to efforts to reduce end-use energy demand. Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (approximately 10(13) watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency. Here we survey possible future energy sources, evaluated for their capability to supply massive amounts of carbon emission-free energy and for their potential for large-scale commercialization. Possible candidates for primary energy sources include terrestrial solar and wind energy, solar power satellites, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fission-fusion hybrids, and fossil fuels from which carbon has been sequestered. Non-primary power technologies that could contribute to climate stabilization include efficiency improvements, hydrogen production, storage and transport, superconducting global electric grids, and geoengineering. All of these approaches currently have severe deficiencies that limit their ability to stabilize global climate. We conclude that a broad range of intensive research and development is urgently needed to produce technological options that can allow both climate stabilization and economic development.

Перевод пока недоступен

Идентификаторы

DOI: 10.1126/science.1072357

Цитирования и источники

Цитирований: 3Использованных источников: 0

Показатели — AkademScholar