Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Morten E. AllentoftCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkMartin SikoraCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkKarl-Göran SjögrenDepartment of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, SwedenSimon RasmussenCenter for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, DenmarkMorten RasmussenCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkJesper StenderupCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkPeter B. DamgaardCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkHannes Schroeder1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2300 Leiden, The NetherlandsTorbjörn AhlströmDepartment of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, SwedenLasse VinnerCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkAnna‐Sapfo MalaspinasCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, DenmarkAshot MargaryanCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkTom HighamOxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UKDavid ChivallOxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UKNiels LynnerupUnit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkLise HarvigUnit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkJustyna BaronInstitute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, 50-139 Wrocław, PolandPhilippe Della CasaArchaeological Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8006, Zurich, SwitzerlandPaweł DąbrowskiDepartment of Anatomy, Wrocław Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, PolandPaul R. DuffyDepartment of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto ONM5S 2S2, CanadaAlexander V. EbelDepartment of Archeology and General History, Gorno-Altaisk State University, 649000 Gorno-Altaisk, RussiaAndrey EpimakhovInstitute of History and Archaeology RAS (South Ural Department), South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, RussiaKarin Margarita FreiEnvironmental Research and Material Science and Centre for Textile Research, The National Museum of Denmark, 1471 Copenhagen K, DenmarkMirosław FurmanekInstitute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, 50-139 Wrocław, PolandTomasz GralakInstitute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, 50-139 Wrocław, PolandAndrey GromovPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St Petersburg, RussiaStanisław GronkiewiczDepartment of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-449 Wrocław, PolandGisela GrupeBiocentre of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University München, 82152 Munich, GermanyTamás Hajdu1] Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary [2] Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, HungaryRadosław JaryszThe Archaeological Museum of Wrocław, 50-077 Wrocław, PolandValeri KhartanovichPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St Petersburg, RussiaAleksandr KhokhlovSamara State Academy of Social Science and Humanities, 443099 Samara, RussiaViktória KissInstitute of Archaeology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for the Humanities, H-1250 Budapest, HungaryJan Kolář1] Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic [2] Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech RepublicАйвар КрийскаDepartment of Archaeology, University of Tartu, 51003 Tartu, EstoniaIrena LasakInstitute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, 50-139 Wrocław, PolandCristina LonghiArchaeological Superintendence of Lombardy, 20123 Milano, ItalyGeorge McGlynnBiocentre of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University München, 82152 Munich, GermanyAlgimantas MerkevičiusDepartment of Archaeology, University of Vilnius, LT-01513 Vilnius, LithuaniaInga MerkytėThe SAXO Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen S, DenmarkMait MetspaluDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, Estonian Biocentre and University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, EstoniaRuzan MkrtchyanDepartment of History, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, ArmeniaVyacheslav MoiseyevPeter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St Petersburg, RussiaLászló Paja1] Hungarian National Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary [2] Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, HungaryGyörgy PálfiDepartment of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, HungaryDalia PokuttaDepartment of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, SwedenŁukasz PospiesznyInstitute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-612 Poznań, PolandT. Douglas PriceLaboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USALehti SaagDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, Estonian Biocentre and University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, EstoniaMikhail SablinZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St Petersburg, RussiaNatalia ShishlinaDepartment of Archaeology, State Historical Museum, 109012 Moscow, RussiaVáclav SmrčkaInstitute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 121 08 Prague, Czech RepublicVasilii SoenovResearch Center for the History and Culture of the Turkic Peoples, Gorno-Altaisk State University, 649000 Gorno-Altaisk, RussiaVajk SzeverényiInstitute of Archaeology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for the Humanities, H-1250 Budapest, HungaryGusztáv TóthDepartment of Pre- and Early History, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1088 Budapest, HungarySynaru V. TrifanovaResearch Center for the History and Culture of the Turkic Peoples, Gorno-Altaisk State University, 649000 Gorno-Altaisk, RussiaLiivi VarulDepartment of Archaeology, University of Tartu, 51003 Tartu, EstoniaMagdolna ViczeMatrica Museum, 2440 Százhalombatta, HungaryLevon YepiskoposyanLaboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, 0014 Yerevan, ArmeniaВ.С. ЖитеневDepartment of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaLudovic OrlandoCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, DenmarkThomas Sicheritz‐PonténCenter for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, DenmarkSøren Brunak1] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark [2] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, DenmarkRasmus NielsenCenter for Theoretical Evolutionary Genetics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USAKristian KristiansenDepartment of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, SwedenEske WillerslevCentre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
2015en
ABI
Аннотация
The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000–1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought. An analysis of 101 ancient human genomes from the Bronze Age (3000–1000 bc) reveals large-scale population migrations in Eurasia consistent with the spread of Indo-European languages; individuals frequently had light skin pigmentation but were not lactose tolerant. Was the Bronze Age of a period of major cultural changes because of circulation of ideas or because of large-scale migrations? The authors sequence and analyse low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia to reveal large-scale population migrations and replacements during this time. Analyses indicate that light skin pigmentation was already frequent among Europeans in the Bronze Age but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on the latter trait than previously believed. The reported findings are also consistent with the spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age reported on page 207 of this issue.
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