Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole
Gravity, CollaborationEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyAbuter, RobertoUniversidade de Lisboa – Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalA. AmorimFaculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalAnugu, NarsireddyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyM. BauböckUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceBenisty, MyriamUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceBerger, Jean-PhilippeObservatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, 51 Ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandBlind, NicolasEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyH. BonnetMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyW. BrandnerMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyA. BuronLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceCollin, ClaudeLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceChapron, FrédéricLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceClénet, YannLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceCoudé Du Foresto, VincentMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyP. T. de ZeeuwMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyDeen, Casey P.European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. Delplancke-StröbeleLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceDembet, RoderickMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyJason DexterUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceA. Eckart1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyEckart, AndreasMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyEisenhauer, FrankEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyFinger, GertMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyFörster Schreiber, Natascha M.LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceFédou, PierreMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyR. García LópezDublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, IrelandGarcía López, R.Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. GaoLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceGendron, ÉricDepartments of Physics and Astronomy, Le Conte Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USAGenzel, ReinhardMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. GillessenCENTRA – Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalPaulo GordoMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyM. HabibiEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileHaubois, XavierEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyHaug, MarcusMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. HaußmannMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyHenning, ThomasMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyHippler, Stefan1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyHorrobin, MatthewLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceHubert, ZoltanEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyHubin, Norbert N.Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyJimenez Rosales, A.European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyJochum, LieselotteUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceJocou, K.European Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileKaufer, AndreasMax Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyKellner, StefanMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyKendrew, SarahLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceKervella, PierreMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyKok, YitpingMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyKulas, MartinLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceLacour, SylvestreLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceLapeyrere, VincentUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceLazareff, BernardUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceLe Bouquin, Jean-BaptisteLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceLéna, PierreMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyLippa, MagdalenaMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyLenzen, RainerEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyMerand, AntoineEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyE. MülerMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyNeumann, UdoMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyOtt, ThomasEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileL PalancaLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FrancePaumard, ThibautEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyPasquini, LucaUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FrancePerraut, KarineLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FrancePerrin, GuyMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyPfuhl, OliverMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyP. M. PlewaMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyRabien, SebastianEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileAndrés RamírezMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyRamos, José RicardoMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyChristian RauLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceG. Rodríguez-CoiraMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyRohloff, Ralf-RainerLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceRousset, GérardEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileJ. Sánchez-BermúdezMax Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyScheithauer, SilviaEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanySchoeller, MarkusEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileNancy SchulerEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanySpyromilio, JasonLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceC. Straubmeier1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyStraubmeier, ChristianMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanySturm, EckhardMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyL. J. TacconiEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileTristram, Konrad R. W.Sorbonne Paris CitéVincent, FrédéricMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyS. D. von Fellenberg1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyI. WankMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyIdel WaisbergMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyF. WidmannMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyWieprecht, Ekkehard1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyMichael WiestMax Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyE. WiezorrekEuropean Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching, GermanyWoillez, Julien M.1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Cologne, GermanyYazici, SenolLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceZiegler, DenisEuropean Southern Observatory, Casilla, 19001 Santiago 19, ChileZins, Gerard
2018en
ABI
Аннотация
The highly elliptical, 16-year-period orbit of the star S2 around the massive black hole candidate Sgr A ✻ is a sensitive probe of the gravitational field in the Galactic centre. Near pericentre at 120 AU ≈ 1400 Schwarzschild radii, the star has an orbital speed of ≈7650 km s −1 , such that the first-order effects of Special and General Relativity have now become detectable with current capabilities. Over the past 26 years, we have monitored the radial velocity and motion on the sky of S2, mainly with the SINFONI and NACO adaptive optics instruments on the ESO Very Large Telescope, and since 2016 and leading up to the pericentre approach in May 2018, with the four-telescope interferometric beam-combiner instrument GRAVITY. From data up to and including pericentre, we robustly detect the combined gravitational redshift and relativistic transverse Doppler effect for S2 of z = Δ λ / λ ≈ 200 km s −1 / c with different statistical analysis methods. When parameterising the post-Newtonian contribution from these effects by a factor f , with f = 0 and f = 1 corresponding to the Newtonian and general relativistic limits, respectively, we find from posterior fitting with different weighting schemes f = 0.90 ± 0.09| stat ± 0.15| sys . The S2 data are inconsistent with pure Newtonian dynamics.
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