Intrinsic curvature and topology of shadows in Kerr spacetime

From the viewpoint of differential geometry and topology, we investigate the characterization of the shadows in a Kerr spacetime. Two new quantities, the length of the shadow boundary and the local curvature radius, are introduced. Each shadow can be uniquely determined by these two quantities. For the black hole case, the result shows that we can constrain the black hole spin and the angular coordinate of the observer by only measuring the maximum and minimum of the curvature radius. For the naked singularity case, we adopt the length parameter and the maximum of the curvature radius. This technique is completely independent of the coordinate system and the location of the shadow and is expected to uniquely determine the parameters of the spacetime. Moreover, we propose a topological covariant quantity to measure and distinguish different topological structures of the shadows.

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