Gravitational Test beyond the First Post-Newtonian Order with the Shadow of the M87 Black Hole
Dimitrios PsaltisSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USALia MedeirosSchool of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USAPierre ChristianSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USAFeryal ÖzelSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USAKazunori AkiyamaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAAntxon AlberdiInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainW. AlefMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyKeiichi AsadaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaRebecca AzulayDepartament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, SpainDavid BallSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USAMislav BalokovićBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAJ. BarrettMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USADan BintleyEast Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USALindy BlackburnBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAW. BolandNederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, NetherlandsGeoffrey C. BowerInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USAMichael BremerInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceChristiaan D. BrinkerinkDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsRoger BrissendenBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAS. BritzenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDominique BroguièreInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceThomas BronzwaerDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsDo‐Young ByunKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaJ. E. CarlstromDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USAAndrew ChaelPrinceton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USAChi‐kwan ChanData Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USAShami ChatterjeeCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USAKoushik ChatterjeeAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, NetherlandsMing‐Tang ChenInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USAXiaopeng ChengKey Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of ChinaIlje ChoKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaJ. E. ConwayDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenJ. M. CordesCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USAG. CrewMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USAYuzhu CuiDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanJordy DavelaarDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsMariafelicia De LaurentisDipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini," Universitá di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Università di Monte Sant'Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, ItalyRoger DeaneCentre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South AfricaJessica DempseyEast Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USAG. DesvignesLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, FranceJason DexterJILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USARalph P. EatoughMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyH. FalckeDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsVincent L. FishMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, Massachusetts 01886, USAEd FomalontNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USARaquel Fraga-EncinasDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsPer FribergEast Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USAChristian M. FrommInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyCharles F. GammieDepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USARoberto GarcíaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceOlivier GentazInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceC. GoddiDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsJosé L. GómezInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainMinfeng GuKey Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaMark GurwellCenter for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAKazuhiro HadaDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanRonald HesperNOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, NetherlandsLuis C. HoDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaPaul T. P. HoInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaMareki HonmaDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanChih-Wei L. HuangInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaLei 磊 Huang 黄Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaD. H. HughesInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Puebla, MéxicoMakoto InoueInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaSara IssaounDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsD. J. JamesBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USABuell T. JannuziSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USAMichaël JanssenDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, NetherlandsWu JiangShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaAlejandra Jiménez-RosalesMax-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, GermanyMichael D. JohnsonBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USASvetlana G. JorstadAstronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaTaehyun JungKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaMansour KaramiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, CanadaR. KaruppusamyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyTomohisa KawashimaNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanGarrett K. KeatingCenter for Astrophysics-Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USAMark KettenisJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, NetherlandsJae-Young KimCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USAJunhan KimCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USAJongsoo KimCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USAMotoki KinoKogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, JapanJun Yi KoayInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaPatrick M. KochInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaShoko KoyamaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. IV, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaM. KrämerMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyC. KrämerInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceT. P. KrichbaumMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyC. Y. KuoPhysics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, Republic of ChinaTod R. LauerSang-Sung LeeKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaYanrong LiKey Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaZhiyuan LiKey Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of ChinaM. LindqvistDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenRocco LicoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainJun LiuMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyKuo LiuMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyElisabetta LiuzzoItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyWen-Ping LoDepartment of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617 Taiwan, Republic of ChinaA. P. LobanovMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
2020en
ABI
Аннотация
We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 423 as and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM/Dc 2 =3.80.4 as. Folding in a distance measurement of -+ 16.8 Mpc 0.7 0.8 gives a black hole mass of = | | M M 6.5 0.2 0.7 10 stat sys 9
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