Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study
Michele J. GelfandDepartment of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAJana L. RaverQueen’s School of Business, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaLisa H. NishiiCornell University Industrial Labor Relations School, Ithaca, NY 14853, USALisa M. LeslieCarlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAJanetta LunDepartment of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USABeng Chong LimMinistry of Defense, Singapore and Nanyang Business School, Defense Technology Towers, 5 Depot Road, #16-01 Tower B, SingaporeLili DuanMcKinsey & Company, Washington, DC 20036, USAAssaf AlmaliachBIP Institute of Psychology Ltd., Vita Towers, 11 Ben-Gurion Street, Bney-Brak 51260, IsraelSoon AngNanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue 639798, SingaporeJakobina ArnadottirKaplaskjolsvegur 29, IS-107 Reykjavik, IcelandZeynep AycanDepartment of Psychology, Koc University, Sariyer 34450, TurkeyKlaus BoehnkeBremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, GermanyPaweł BoskiWarsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815 Warsaw, PolandRosa CabecinhasUniversity of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalDarius K.‐S. ChanDepartment of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3rd Floor, Sino Building, Shatin, N.T., Hong KongJagdeep S. ChhokarIndian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad-380015, IndiaAlessia D’AmatoCENTRUM Catolica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima 33, PeruMontserrat Subirats FerrerSocial Psychology Department, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, SpainIris C. FischlmayrJohannes Kepler University, Institute for International Management, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, AustriaRonald FischerSchool of Psychology, Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New ZealandMárta FülöpInstitute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Victor Hugo Street 18-22, Budapest 1132, HungaryJames GeorgasUniversity of Athens, 11 Herodou Attikou, Athens 106 74, GreeceEmiko S. KashimaSchool of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, AustraliaYoshishima KashimaPsychological Sciences University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, AustraliaKibum KimSchool of Social Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Myungryun-dong 3 ga, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-745, KoreaAlain LempereurESSEC Business School, Av. Bernard Hirsch, B.P. 50105, 95021 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, FrancePatricia MárquezUniversity of San Diego, 235 Olin Hall, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92131, USARozhan Othman21 Jalan 5C/6, 43650 B B Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaBert OverlaetKU Leuven, Naamsestraat 67, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumPenny PanagiotopoulouUniversity of Patras, 26500 Rio, Patras, GreeceKarl PeltzerHuman Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaLorena R. Pérez-FlorianoInvestigadora Colegio de la Fontera Norte, Km 18.5 carretera escénica Tijuana - Ensenada, San Antonio del Mar, Tijuana, Baja California C.P. 22560, MéxicoЛариса ПономаренкоPsychology Department, Odessa National University, Dvorianskaya str. 2, Odessa 67027, UkraineAnu RealoDepartment of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410, EstoniaVidar ScheiDepartment of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Breiviksveien 40, 5045 Bergen, NorwayManfred SchmittUniversität Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, GermanyPeter B. SmithDepartment of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UKNazar SoomroDepartment of Psychological Testing, Guidance and Research, University of Sindh, Elsa Kazi Campus, Hyderabad 71000, PakistanErna SzaboJohannes Kepler University, Institute for International Management, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, AustriaNalinee Taveesin33 Soonvijai 4, Bangkok 10310, ThailandMidori ToyamaDepartment of Psychology Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, JapanEvert Van de VliertUniversity of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, NetherlandsNaharika VohraIndian Institute of Management, Wing 12, IIM Campus, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380015, IndiaColleen WardSchool of Psychology, P.O. Box 600, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New ZealandSusumu YamaguchiDepartment of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
2011en
ABI
Аннотация
With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
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