GRB 221009A: Discovery of an Exceptionally Rare Nearby and Energetic Gamma-Ray Burst
Maia A. WilliamsDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USAJ. A. KenneaDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USAS. DichiaraDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USAKohei KobayashiDepartment of Physics, Nihon University, 1-8 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan; [email protected]W. IwakiriInternational Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, JapanA. P. BeardmoreSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKN. GehrelsSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKSebastian HeinzDepartment of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 475 N Charter St, Madison, WI 53726, USAA. Y. LienUniversity of Tampa, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd, Tampa, FL 33606, USAS. R. OatesSchool of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UKH. NegoroDepartment of Physics, Nihon University, 1-8 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan; [email protected]S. B. CenkoAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAD. J. K. BuissonD. H. HartmannDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USAGaurava K. JaisawalDTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327-328, DK-2800 Lyngby, DenmarkN. P. M. KuinS. LesageCenter for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USAK. L. PageSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKTyler ParsotanAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADheeraj R. PashamMIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, USAB. SbarufattiINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), ItalyM. H. SiegelDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USASatoshi SugitaDepartment of Physical Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, JapanGeorge YounesAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAE. AmbrosiINAF—Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, ItalyZaven ArzoumanianAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAM. G. BernardiniINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), ItalyS. CampanaINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), ItalyM. CapalbiINAF—Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, ItalyR. CaputoAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAA. D’AìINAF—Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, ItalyP. D’AvanzoINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), ItalyV. D’EliaASI—Italian Space Agency, Space Science Data Centre, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Rome, ItalyM. de PasqualeDepartment of Mathematics, Informatics, Physics, Earth Sciences of University of Messina, Polo Papardo, Via F. D’Alcontres 31, I-98165 Messina, ItalyR. A. J. Eyles-FerrisSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKE. C. FerraraAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAKeith C. GendreauAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAJ. D. GroppDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USAN. KawaiDepartment of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, JapanN. J. KlinglerAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USASibasish LahaAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAA. MelandriINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), ItalyT. MiharaHigh energy astrophysics, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, JapanM. J. MossDepartment of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USAP. T. O’BrienSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKJ. P. OsborneSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKD. M. PalmerLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAM. PerriASI—Italian Space Agency, Space Science Data Centre, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Rome, ItalyMotoko SerinoDepartment of Physical Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, JapanЭ. СонбасAdiyaman University, Department of Physics, 02040 Adiyaman, TurkeyM. StamatikosCenter for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USAR. L. C. StarlingSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UKG. TagliaferriINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (LC), ItalyA. TohuvavohuDavid A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S3H4, CanadaSilvia ZaneMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UKH. ZiaeepourMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
2023en
ABI
Аннотация
Abstract We report the discovery of the unusually bright long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB), GRB 221009A, as observed by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift), Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image, and Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer Mission. This energetic GRB was located relatively nearby ( z = 0.151), allowing for sustained observations of the afterglow. The large X-ray luminosity and low Galactic latitude ( b = 4.°3) make GRB 221009A a powerful probe of dust in the Milky Way. Using echo tomography, we map the line-of-sight dust distribution and find evidence for significant column densities at large distances (≳10 kpc). We present analysis of the light curves and spectra at X-ray and UV–optical wavelengths, and find that the X-ray afterglow of GRB 221009A is more than an order of magnitude brighter at T 0 + 4.5 ks than that from any previous GRB observed by Swift. In its rest frame, GRB 221009A is at the high end of the afterglow luminosity distribution, but not uniquely so. In a simulation of randomly generated bursts, only 1 in 10 4 long GRBs were as energetic as GRB 221009A; such a large E γ ,iso implies a narrow jet structure, but the afterglow light curve is inconsistent with simple top-hat jet models. Using the sample of Swift GRBs with redshifts, we estimate that GRBs as energetic and nearby as GRB 221009A occur at a rate of ≲1 per 1000 yr—making this a truly remarkable opportunity unlikely to be repeated in our lifetime.
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