Homotopic simulation of MHD bioconvective flow of water-based hybrid nanofluid over a thermal convective exponential stretching surface

Purpose Whilst a modest number of investigations have been undertaken concerning nanofluids (NFs), the exploration of fluid flow under exponentially stretching velocities using NFs remains comparatively uncharted territory. This work presents a distinctive contribution through the comprehensive examination of heat and mass transfer phenomena in the NF ND–Cu/H 2 O under the influence of an exponentially stretching velocity. Moreover, the investigation delves into the intriguing interplay of gyrotactic microorganisms and convective boundary conditions within the system. Design/methodology/approach Similarity transformations have been used on PDEs to convert them into dimensionless ODEs. The solution is derived by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The pictorial notations have been prepared for sundry flow parameters. Furthermore, some engineering quantities are calculated in terms of the density of motile microbes, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers and skin friction, which are presented in tabular form. Findings The mixed convection effect associated with the combined effect of the buoyancy ratio, bioconvection Rayleigh constant and the resistivity due to the magnetization property gives rise to attenuating the velocity distribution significantly in the case of hybrid nanoliquid. The parameters involved in the profile of motile microorganisms attenuate the profile significantly. Practical implications The current simulations have uncovered fascinating discoveries about how metallic NFs behave near a stretched surface. These insights give us valuable information about the characteristics of the boundary layer close to the surface under exponential stretching. Originality/value The novelty of the current investigation is the analysis of NF ND–Cu/H 2 O along with an exponentially stretching velocity in a system with gyrotactic microorganisms. The investigation of fluid flow at an exponentially stretching velocity using NFs is still relatively unexplored.

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