Bioglasses and Glass‐Ceramics in the <scp> Na ₂ O–CaO–MgO–SiO ₂ –P ₂ O ₅ –CaF ₂ </scp> System

This paper reports the experimental evaluation of glass and glass-ceramic compositions in the Na2O–CaO–MgO–SiO2–P2O5–CaF2 system. The basic composition of the parent glass was set within the narrow ranges of 51–52% SiO2, 37–39% CaO, and 9–12% MgO (wt%), whereas Al2O3, B2O3, Na2O, CaF2, and P2O5 were used as additives. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed liquid–liquid phase separation and that the glasses are prone to surface crystallization. Therefore, glass-ceramics were produced via sintering and crystallization of glass-powder compacts made of finely milled glass-frit. Dense sintered crystalline materials with high mechanical strength were obtained after heat treatment of glass-powder compacts at 750 and 800 °C. Monophase glass-ceramic of akermanite was produced in Al2O3-containing composition, while pyroxene phase of diopside was predominantly formed in the other investigated glass-ceramics. The feasibility of the produced glasses and glass-ceramics as candidates for biomedical applications is thoroughly discussed in the light of the experimental findings from a series of in vitro and in vivo tests, including their clinical performance. These findings suggest that the Al2O3-free and B2O3-free glasses demonstrate high mineralization ability and induce spontaneous formation of calcium phosphates by immersion of powders or bulk glasses in simulated body fluid (SBF). A selected composition was successfully evaluated under in vivo animal tests and clinical trials, conducted according to local ethical guidelines and regulations.

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