Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory. I. Measurements at energies above<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>17.8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>eV</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>
A. AabUniversität Siegen, Siegen, GermanyP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. AgliettaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyE. J. AhnFermilab, Batavia, Illinois 60510-0500, USAI. Al SamaraiInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceI. F. M. AlbuquerqueUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, BrazilI. AllekotteCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaJ. AllenNew York University, New York, New York 10003, USAP. AllisonOhio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1061, USAA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Alvarez CastilloUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., MexicoJaime Álvarez-MuñizUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, SpainRafael Alves BatistaUniversität Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyM. AmbrosioUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyA. AminaeiIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, NetherlandsLuis A. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, New York 10468, USAS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. AramoUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyV. ArandaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainF. ArquerosUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, SpainH. AsoreyCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, PortugalJ. AublinLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceM. AveUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, SpainM. AvenierLaboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, FranceG. ÁvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaN. AwalNew York University, New York, New York 10003, USAAlina Mihaela BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaK. B. BarberUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaJ. BäumlKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, GermanyC. BausKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, GermanyJ. J. BeattyOhio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1061, USAK. H. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyJose A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaC. BératLaboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, FranceM. E. BertainaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyX. BertouCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaPeter L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyP. BilloirLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceS. G. BlaessUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaF. BlancoLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceC. BleveDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyH. BlümerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech RepublicDenise BoncioliINFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilR. BoninoOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyNataliia BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USAI. M. Brancus“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaA. BridgemanKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyP. BrogueiraLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, PortugalW. C. BrownColorado State University, Pueblo, Colorado 80523, USAP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, NetherlandsMario BuscemiUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyK. S. Caballero‐MoraCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., MexicoB. CaccianigaUniversità di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, ItalyLorenzo CaccianigaLaboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, FranceM. CandussoUniversità di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, ItalyL. CarameteMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyR. CarusoUniversità di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyG. CataldiDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyLorenzo CazonLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, PortugalR. CesterUniversità di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyA. G. ChavezUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, MexicoA. ChiavassaOsservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, ItalyC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech RepublicM. CilmoUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyR. W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaG. CoccioloDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyRoberta ColalilloUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, ItalyAlan ColemanPennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USAL. CollicaUniversità di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, ItalyM. R. ColucciaDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, PortugalF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaM. J. CooperUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaA. CordierLaboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, FranceS. CoutuPennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USAC. E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USAJ. CroninUniversity of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USAA. CurutiuMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyR. DallierSUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, FranceB. DanielUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilS. DassoDepartamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, GermanyB. R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaR. M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilManlio De DomenicoUniversità di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, ItalyS. J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, NetherlandsJ. R. T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriDipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, ItalyJaime de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilL. del PeralUniversidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares SpainO. DelignyInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
2014lv
ABI
Аннотация
We report a study of the distributions of the depth of maximum, ${X}_{\mathrm{max}}$, of extensive air-shower profiles with energies above $1{0}^{17.8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ as observed with the fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The analysis method for selecting a data sample with minimal sampling bias is described in detail as well as the experimental cross-checks and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, we discuss the detector acceptance and the resolution of the ${X}_{\mathrm{max}}$ measurement and provide parametrizations thereof as a function of energy. The energy dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the ${X}_{\mathrm{max}}$ distributions are compared to air-shower simulations for different nuclear primaries and interpreted in terms of the mean and variance of the logarithmic mass distribution at the top of the atmosphere.
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